Standard Phrases

To avoid confusion, pilots use short, clear phrases like “Roger,” “Wilco,” and “Mayday.”

Radio Frequency

Pilots use VHF radio frequencies to talk to ATC. Each airspace has its own assigned channel.

Call Signs

ATC identifies aircraft using call signs — usually airline name plus flight number (like “Air India 301”).

Continuous Updates

Pilots report altitude, speed, and route changes so ATC can monitor aircraft safely in busy skies.

Handovers

As flights cross regions, ATC hands them over to the next control center with new frequencies.

Emergencies

In emergencies, pilots use special codes like “Squawk 7700” or declare “Mayday” for immediate priority.