Standard Phrases
To avoid confusion, pilots use short, clear phrases like “Roger,” “Wilco,” and “Mayday.”
Radio Frequency
Pilots use VHF radio frequencies to talk to ATC. Each airspace has its own assigned channel.
Call Signs
ATC identifies aircraft using call signs — usually airline name plus flight number (like “Air India 301”).
Continuous Updates
Pilots report altitude, speed, and route changes so ATC can monitor aircraft safely in busy skies.
Handovers
As flights cross regions, ATC hands them over to the next control center with new frequencies.
Emergencies
In emergencies, pilots use special codes like “Squawk 7700” or declare “Mayday” for immediate priority.
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